Some examples of computer software are: Microsoft Word AOL Instant Messenger Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox Adobe Photoshop Windows XP AutoCAD Microsoft Excel.
- Green - All works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring Yellow - Some works are in the public domain due to copyright expiring Orange - Some works are in.
- CURL is a software package which consists of command line tool and a library for transferring data using URL syntax. cURL supports various protocols like.
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Wikipedia: Public domain - Wikipedia. For all practical purposes on Wikipedia, the public domain comprises copyright- free works: anyone can use them in any way and for any purpose. Proper attribution to the author or source of a work, even if it is in the public domain, is still required in order to comply with relevant policies.[1]The public domain is generally defined (e. U. S. Copyright Office) as the sum of works that are not copyrighted, i. However, there is no such thing as the public domain on the Internet.
International treaties, like the Berne Convention, are not self- executing and do not supersede local law. There is no globally valid "International Copyright Law" that would take precedence over local laws. Instead, signatory countries of the Berne Convention have adapted their laws to comply with the minimum standards set forth by the treaty, often with stronger provisions than required. Whether or not something is copyright- free in some country depends on the individual country. The Wikimedia Foundation, the legal body responsible for Wikipedia, is based in California, United States. Although legislation is sometimes unclear about which laws are to apply on the Internet, the primary law relevant for Wikipedia is that of the United States. For re- users of Wikipedia content, it is the laws of their respective countries.
In the U. S., any work published before January 1, 1. Other countries are not bound by that 1.
Complications arise when special cases are considered, such as trying to determine whether a work published later might be in the public domain in the U. S., or when dealing with unpublished works. When a work has not been published in the U. S. but in some other country, that other country's copyright laws also must be taken into account.
Re- users of Wikipedia content also might find the explanations here useful. Important documents[edit]The Berne Convention is the primary legislative document governing international copyright. States that are party to the convention agree to amend their legislations to meet the minimum requirements of this convention, but the convention itself is not law. States have the right to "opt out" from a few of its paragraphs (most are mandatory and non- negotiable, though), and how any particular country implements the Berne Convention is a question of local legislation. The full text of the Berne Convention is available at the WIPO web site. The U. S. Copyright Law is Title 1. United States Code (1.
USC), chapters 1 through 8 and 1. Chapters 9 and 1.
Wikipedia. The EU Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection is a binding directive for all member countries of the European Union, harmonizing the term of copyright. It became effective on July 1, 1. Individual countries have amended their laws to comply with this directive. The EU legislation web site has the full text (1. See Retroactive changes in copyright legislation below for some discussion. The U. S. Copyright Law explicitly makes clear that the Berne Convention is just a treaty, not some "super- law" that would take precedence over U. S. law: 1. 7 USC 1.
No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto.."When discussing copyright issues informally (and all such discussions on Wikipedia are informal), one may nevertheless argue in terms of the Berne Convention: writing "according to §y of the Berne Convention.." is then just a short- hand for writing "according to §x of country's copyright law, which implements §y of the Berne Convention, ..". However, one should bear in mind that some paragraphs of the Berne Convention are optional, and that any country may go beyond the minimum standards specified by the Berne Convention for the most part. Other documents[edit]There are some other documents related to copyright issues that one occasionally comes across, but they are generally less important for Wikipedia's purposes. The Universal Copyright Convention (1. Geneva text, 1. 97. Paris text) was an alternate international copyright treaty.
It prescribed less stringent protections than the Berne Convention. Since the UCC explicitly said that if a signatory of the UCC was also a signatory of the Berne Convention, the latter should prevail, and most countries have since joined the Berne Convention, the UCC is largely irrelevant today. However, the adherence dates of some states to the UCC may still be of interest.
The Rome Convention (International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations) from 1. Berne Convention by copyright on performances and recordings thereof. The Geneva Phonograms Convention (Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms) is an additional international treaty extending copyright to sound recordings. The WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT) from 1.
Berne Convention, bringing computer programs and databases under the auspices of copyright. In the U. S., it is implemented by the DMCA. The WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) from 1. It is an update of the Rome Convention.
In the U. S., it was implemented as part of the DMCA. Works ineligible for copyright protection[edit]In short: U. S. Federal Government works, or no creative content. See also: Copyright on emblems. U. S. government works[edit]U. S. federal government works (including works prepared by the governments of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U. S. organized territories[4]) are not eligible for copyright protection (1.
USC 1. 05). It is not clear whether this applies world- wide - - see the CENDI Copyright FAQ list, 3. Library. Law Blog. The U. S. government themselves state that they "may assert copyright outside of the United States for U. S. government works."[5]In practice, this means that much material on *.
U. S. Forest Service), are in the public domain. Please note that not all such material is in the public domain, though: U. S. governmental web sites may use copyrighted works, too; either by having licensed them or under a "fair use" provision. In general, such copyrighted works on web sites of the U. S. federal government and its agencies are indicated by appropriate bylines. An example are "visitor image galleries" on U.
S. National Park Service websites: unless these have some indication that the photographs are placed in the public domain by publishing them on that NPS web site, these images are copyrighted by their photographers, who are visitors of national parks, not employees of the NPS. According to the CENDI FAQ on "Frequently Asked Questions About Copyright", "Copyrighted works that are not owned by the Government should be included on government web sites only with permission of the copyright owner and should include an appropriate copyright notice."[6]Some U.
S. state and local governments also have web sites in the *. State and local governments usually do retain a copyright on their works. USC §1. 05 only places federal documents in the public domain.[7] However, laws and/or court decisions in some states may place their work in the public domain. See, for example, {{PD- CAGov}} and {{PD- FLGov}}.
Works produced under a commission from the U. S. government by a contractor are most likely copyrighted. This typically includes any documents from research labs.
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for instance, is operated by a contractor for the U. S. Department of Energy, but that does not mean the works it produces are "works of the federal government".
ORNL works are copyrighted, and the U. S. government is granted a non- exclusive license to use, publish, and allow republication of such works. The precise terms vary from one lab to the next, but in general, commercial re- use of their works is prohibited.[8] This also applies to works authored by independent contractors or freelance writers or artists, even when their works are commissioned by some U. S. government agency.[9]Even the U. S. federal government may hold copyrights, if the original copyright holder assigns or transfers the copyright to the U. S. government. A notable example of this is the obverse of the Sacagawea dollar coin, which its designer Glenna Goodacre claimed copyright of before she transferred the design and copyright to the United States Mint.[1.